How do the Analects embody the ethical framework of Confucian thought?
Aim
How did Confucius attempt to create a harmonious, well-ordered society?
Student Performance Objectives
Teacher Background
All societies attempt to answer questions about the best way of securing peace, harmony, and prosperity for its members. Confucius was a scholar who lived in the 6th century B. C., during a time period known as the "Warring States " which was characterized by incessant warfare and conflict. Confucius' solution to the problems of conflict in his time was to create a social system which would help restore an ordered state. Using the late Shang and early Zhou dynasties as models, Confucius created a hierarchy of social relationships which would define peoples' positions, actions, and obligations in society. Since Confucius believed that man was by nature social and should live in groups, these relationships could only help to bring order to the world, as well as the greater cosmos.
According to Confucius' five relationships, the inferior person is obligated to the superior, and the inferior person must follow the direction, or emulate the behavior of the superior person. Furthermore, a person may play more than one role at a time. For example, a man can be a father while simultaneously being a son. The responsibilities associated with each role are clearly defined, and a person must follow the prescription for the primary role which he occupies. However, in some cases there may be contradictory obligations. In such cases, Confucianism allows for a process known as rectification of names, which helps to define and redefine obligations and duties by clarifying a person's responsibilities. In essence, Confucius saw these relationships as fluid, yet emphasized the importance of maintaining strict adherence to one's primary position.
Springboard
Distribute Worksheet #1. Read directions to class and allow students adequate time to work in groups or individually.
Procedure
Summary/Application
These relationships serve the moral good because each member of society has a specifically
defined role.
If everyone fulfills his/her obligations and has models to follow, then role expectations will limit conflict and ambiguity.
Why was the time period in which Confucius lived conducive to the development of a new
philosophy?
What were three of Confucius' major beliefs? Do you think his beliefs were beneficial? Explain.
Why do you think Confucius never secured a position as a political advisor?
In your opinion, was Confucius a success or a failure? Explain your answers fully.
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